Location and setting選址和環境

Traditional Architectures 傳統建築

Village 村莊

In ancient times, the local residential buildings were built on alluvial plains because of agricultural and fishing demand.

在古代，由於農業和漁業的需求，當地的住宅建築都建在沖積平原上。

At the beginning, the residentials were built on the coast of the sea because of their demand for fishing and living activities on the land. The location of the residentials shows the wisdom from local people that they used the landscape and shape of the mountain to protect their village. There is a local residential example that is located in the northwest of Coloane. The residential houses are located in a small bay. The structure of the house is still kept in the traditional style. On the southeast of the houses, there is a mountain called Alto de Coloane, which protects the residentials from the southeast monsoon and typhoon. The residentials can keep relatively complete because of the landscape and location.

在最開始時，由於居民對漁業和生活活動的需求，住宅都建在海邊。住宅的位置顯示了當地人的智慧，他們利用山的景觀和形狀來保護他們的村莊。有一個當地住宅的例子，它位於路環的西北部。這些住宅位於一個小海灣中。房屋的結構仍然保持著傳統風格。在房屋的東南面，有一座叫做石塘山的山，它可以保護住宅免受東南季風和颱風的影響。由於景觀和位置的關係，這些住宅可以保持相對完整。

Picture of local residential houses in Coloane 在路環的傳統民居

Source: Gao Yongxin 來源: 高詠欣

Inland Area 內陸地區

Some layouts of the villages, which are located in inland areas, were influenced by Lingnan style and maintained Wide-comb layout. The buildings mostly made the windows and doors facing north-east and south-west to ensure ventilation and avoid western exposure. The setting helps the local people live in a relatively comfortable environment in a hot and wet area (Tong, 2008). Similar concepts also influence the location selection of modern buildings nowaday.

一些位於內陸地區的村落佈局受到嶺南風格的影響，保持著寬窄相間的佈局。建築物大多使門窗朝向東北和西南，以確保通風和避免西曬。這種設置有助於當地人在濕熱地區生活在一個相對舒適的環境中（Tong，2008）。類似的概念也影響著當今現代建築的選址。

Temple 廟宇

The temples are usually set in higher ground, which reduces the possibility of flood damage and typhoons. For example, A-Ma temple located on the west side of Penha hill. The hill protected the temple from typhoons in the south-east side and the terrain prevented it from flooding. Many knowledge about the location of the folk and traditional buildings also reflect in Fengshui, which is a knowledge system related to geographical knowledge and local belief.

寺廟通常設置在地勢較高的地方，這樣可以減少洪水破壞和颱風的可能性。例如，媽祖廟位於西望洋山的西側。這座山保護了寺廟不受東南側颱風的影響，而且地勢也使其不被洪水淹沒。許多關於民間和傳統建築位置的知識也反映在風水中，這是一個與地理知識和地方信仰有關的知識系統。

The A-Ma Temple and the hill behind of it 媽閣廟和其後的山丘

Source: Um blogger gosta disto, 2017

來源: Um blogger gosta disto, 2017

Western Architectures 西式建築

Village 村莊

Villages location and setting in Macao is also influenced by Portuguese coastal urban design. The buildings most near the sea remain in the lowest height. As the terrain rises, the height of the buildings increases. The architectures with the most height are usually built on the top of the hills. This setting of the village helps the warm air from the sea to climb up the hill, which transfers fresh moisture and air from coastal area to inland area, keeping the ventilation of the village run smoothly.

澳門的村莊位置和環境也受到葡萄牙沿海城市設計的影響。最靠近大海的建築一般保持最低的高度。隨著地勢的上升，建築的高度也隨之增加。高度最高的建築通常建在山頂上。村莊的這種設置有助於來自大海的暖空氣爬上山頭，將新鮮的水分和空氣從沿海地區轉移到內陸地區，使村莊的通風工作順利進行。

The relationship between Macao's traditional urban fabric, architecture and natural environment

澳門的傳統城市結構、建築和自然環境之間的關係

Source: Franciso Vizeu Pinheiro

來源: Franciso Vizeu Pinheiro

Church 教堂

People preferred to build churches on the top of the hills. The height is a symbol of power, but the location also leads to a problem that the buildings have to face the typhoon directly. In Macao there are lots of records about some parts of the church damaged because of the typhoon, such as the Penha Church. However, high location helps the churches provide guidance to the boats on the sea to find the direction. The churches usually facing south-east or south-west to ensure cooling through ventilation.

人們更願意把教堂建在山頂上。高度是權力的象徵，但這個位置也導致了一個問題，即建築物必須直接面對颱風。在澳門，有很多關於教堂的某些部分因颱風而受損的記錄，如西望洋聖堂。然而，較高的位置有助於教堂為海上的船隻提供指引，使其找到方向。教堂通常朝向東南或西南，以確保通過通風降溫。

Location of churches in Macao in 19 century 19世紀澳門的教堂位置

Source: Leng Weng Fat, 2007

來源: Leng Weng Fat, 2007

References:

Lin, F. Q. (2019). The history of Macao architecture. Guangdong Ecocomic Press. (in Chinese)

Liu, X. J., Chen, Z. C. (2005). Macao cultural heritage sites. Southeast University Press. (in Chinese)

Xing, R. F. (2007). A Study of the Urban Architecture of Macao in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Huaxia Culture and Art Publishing House. (in Chinese)

By GAO YONGXIN, GRACE

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